中國(guó)考生常見的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤
語(yǔ)法是對(duì)語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行研究后,系統(tǒng)地總結(jié)歸納出來(lái)的一系列語(yǔ)言規(guī)則,對(duì)于我們理解和規(guī)范使用英語(yǔ)是很重要的。對(duì)于雅思考試來(lái)說(shuō),在口語(yǔ)和寫作里面就明確規(guī)定了,語(yǔ)法是一個(gè)重要的評(píng)分點(diǎn)。語(yǔ)法對(duì)于聽力和閱讀來(lái)說(shuō)也是很重要的,例如,閱讀中會(huì)有很多長(zhǎng)難句,句子結(jié)構(gòu)的正確劃分,是我們理解的一個(gè)重要前提,否則,就算句中沒有生詞,有時(shí)理解上會(huì)跟作者表達(dá)的意思有所偏差。本文將從句子層面總結(jié)中國(guó)學(xué)生常犯的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤。
主謂不一致
主謂一致指的是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在人稱和數(shù)上要和主語(yǔ)保持一致,例如,在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)中,主語(yǔ)為第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也要用相應(yīng)的第三人稱單數(shù)形式。在寫句子時(shí),應(yīng)注意句子的主語(yǔ)是什么,切記勿把修飾語(yǔ)或從句中的名詞當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)。
l 誤把修飾語(yǔ)中的名詞當(dāng)主語(yǔ)
例 1:The books bought by the man was first published in 1970.
改:The books bought by the man were first published in 1970.
注解:這句話的主語(yǔ)為 the books,是復(fù)數(shù),而不是修飾語(yǔ) bought by the man 中的 the man,所以謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)為 were,而不是 was。
l Of 結(jié)構(gòu)的名詞短語(yǔ)
例 2:The doors of the room was broken.
改:The doors of the room were broken.
注解:如果主語(yǔ)是“...of...”的詞組,謂語(yǔ)的形式需要和“of”之前的名詞保持一致。這句話的主語(yǔ)不是所有格 of 后面的 the door,核心的名詞是 the doors,所以謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式的were。
l 從句當(dāng)主語(yǔ)
例 3:How governments will address global warming have attracted the attention of the world.
改:How governments will address global warming has attracted the attention of the world.
注解:這句話的主語(yǔ)是個(gè)主語(yǔ)從句(How…warming),而不是從句的主語(yǔ) governments,主語(yǔ)從句可以看作是一件事情,所以謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。
l 定語(yǔ)從句的主謂一致
例 4:He is a boy who like reading.
改:He is a boy who likes reading.
注解:定語(yǔ)從句中的關(guān)系代詞是用來(lái)取代先行詞的,在單復(fù)數(shù)上應(yīng)與先行詞保持一致,所以原句中的從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 like 應(yīng)與先行詞 a boy 在形式上保持一致,故 like 改為 likes.
句子缺少謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
例1:On the seashore, some people playing volleyball and some lying in the sun.
改:On the seashore, some people are playing volleyball and some are lying in the sun.
注解:謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是不可以直接由分詞來(lái)充當(dāng)。
例2:The answer still unknown.
改:The answer is still unknown. 或 The answer remains unknown.
注解:原句中的still是個(gè)副詞,unknown 為形容詞,所以少了謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。
忽視平行結(jié)構(gòu)
如果幾個(gè)句子成分在內(nèi)容和功能上相似時(shí),我們需要讓它們?cè)谛问缴厦姹3忠恢?,例如名詞對(duì)名詞,從句對(duì)從句。
例1:The best ways to maintain health are working out, taking a good rest and have a balanced diet.
改:The best ways to maintain health are working out, taking a good rest and having a balanced diet.
注解:這里的 working out,taking a rest 和 having a balanced diet 是并列的表語(yǔ),形式上應(yīng)保持一致,全部用動(dòng)名詞形式。
例2:Your semester grade is based not only on how well you do on each test, but also how you participate in class.
改:Your semester grade is based not only on how well you do on each test, but also on how you participate in class.
注解:這句話的并列結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)為based not only on…but also on…。這里并列的對(duì)象為 on how well you do on each test 和 on how you participate in class,所以 but also 后的 on 是不可以省去的。
雙謂語(yǔ)
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法規(guī)定,除非有連詞存在,否則一個(gè)句子基本上只能有一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,但是由于漢語(yǔ)句子里是可以允許多個(gè)動(dòng)詞存在,所以這是中國(guó)學(xué)生最常犯的一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。
l There be 句型后出現(xiàn)動(dòng)詞原形
例1:There is an old man live in that room.
改:There is an old man living in that room.或There is an old man who lives in that room.
注解:There be 句型中的 be 動(dòng)詞已經(jīng)是句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞了,所以后面是不可以再直接出現(xiàn)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,可改成分詞或從句。
l 動(dòng)詞原形做主語(yǔ)
例2:Play football is his favorite.
改:Playing football is his favorite.
注解:動(dòng)詞原形是不可以直接充當(dāng)主語(yǔ),需要改成相應(yīng)的名詞或動(dòng)名詞形式。
l 句子做主語(yǔ)
例3:The earth is round is obvious
改:It is obvious that the earth is round.
注解:一句話是不可以直接做主語(yǔ)的,需要加連詞,改成主語(yǔ)從句。
l 兩句話直接用逗號(hào)隔開
例4:He is a student,she is also a student.
改:He is a student. She is also a student. 或 He is a student and she is also a student.
注解:句子是以句號(hào)結(jié)束的,句號(hào)里面的句子不可以有兩個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞存在,有連詞存在除外。
從句使用錯(cuò)誤
l 從句缺少連詞
例1:The fact, he stole the book, surprised me.
改:The fact that he stole the book surprised me.
注解:原句表達(dá)的是同位語(yǔ)從句的意思,而同位語(yǔ)從句的連詞that是不可以省略的,所以應(yīng)加上that,而不是用逗號(hào)隔開。
l 一個(gè)從句出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)連詞
例2:It is obvious that how he solved the problem.
改:It is obvious that he solved the problem. 或 It is obvious how he solved the problem.
注解:原句中只有一個(gè)主語(yǔ)從句,但卻出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)連詞,所以可以根據(jù)說(shuō)話人想表達(dá)的意思,刪去一個(gè)連詞。
l 從句單獨(dú)成一句話
例3:He bought many books. Because he likes reading.
改:He bought many books because he likes reading.
注解:從句是不可以單獨(dú)成一句話的,需要有主句存在。像while這樣的連詞,也是一樣,所以也不能直接說(shuō)While books account for 14%.
l 誤把副詞當(dāng)連詞
例4:He is a student, however, she a teacher.
改:He is a student. However, she a teacher.
注解:有些學(xué)生會(huì)把一些諸如however,meanwhile, thus這樣的副詞,當(dāng)做是連詞來(lái)使用,直接連接兩個(gè)句子,這是錯(cuò)誤的。當(dāng)不確定某個(gè)詞的詞性是需要查閱一下詞典。
l 從句少謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
例5:Museums are places where visitors experiencing local cultures.
改:Museums are places where visitors can experience local cultures.
注解:從句本質(zhì)上也是個(gè)句子變化而來(lái)的,所以是不能缺少謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的,experiencing是分詞形式,屬于非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,所以原句是錯(cuò)的。
l 分詞使用錯(cuò)誤
在使用分詞時(shí)要注意的就是它的邏輯主語(yǔ),當(dāng)分詞位于句首作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),邏輯主語(yǔ)需與句子主語(yǔ)一樣;其次需要注意的是應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在分詞還是過(guò)去分詞。分詞與邏輯主語(yǔ)是主動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí)用現(xiàn)在分詞;被動(dòng)則用過(guò)去分詞。
l 邏輯主語(yǔ)不一致
例1:Waiting for the bus, a bike hit me.
改:Waiting for the bus, I was hit by a bike.
注解:原句分詞 waiting 的邏輯主語(yǔ)是 I,而不是 a bike,所以若分詞結(jié)構(gòu)不變,主句只能改成I做主語(yǔ)。當(dāng)然,這個(gè)句子也可以改成狀語(yǔ)從句 When I was waiting for the bus, a bike hit me.
l 現(xiàn)在分詞與過(guò)去分詞用混
例2:Giving another chance, he would do better.
改:Given another chance, he would do better.
注解:原文中的he應(yīng)該是被給機(jī)會(huì),而不是給別人機(jī)會(huì),所以為被動(dòng),應(yīng)該成過(guò)去分詞。
結(jié)語(yǔ):在我們寫文章碰到謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí),應(yīng)句子是否有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是否滿足主謂一致,是否出現(xiàn)雙謂語(yǔ)。寫從句時(shí),需要檢查連詞是夠選擇正確,還有從句的結(jié)構(gòu)是否完整。用分詞是,需要注意邏輯主語(yǔ)是否一致,現(xiàn)在和過(guò)去分詞的選擇是夠正確。
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