在英語學習中不難發(fā)現(xiàn)西方人比較注重抽象思維，從古希臘亞里士多德開始，就一直注重哲學思辨。在語言中，英語多使用抽象表達，大量使用抽象名詞。同時，英語注重形合，在表達的時候，邏輯非常嚴密，先陳述主要思想，再延伸出去。就句子層次而言，英語有著嚴謹?shù)闹髦^結(jié)構(gòu)，起到提綱挈領(lǐng)的作用，表達主要信息，再陳述其他輔助性信息，豐富句意的表達。擴展到段落及篇章亦是如此，信息的展開非常有條理性，邏輯分明，托福閱讀中使用到的學術(shù)類文章尤其如此，在閱讀中如果沒有準確把握信息之間的關(guān)聯(lián)無論對于我們文章的理解還是解題都非常不利。

　　閱讀中常見的邏輯關(guān)系主要有并列、轉(zhuǎn)折、因果、總分（舉例）、比較和條件，我們可以利用邏輯連接詞或者暗含邏輯關(guān)系的動詞（語意）來識別和理解，對于解題也會有所裨益，先來看一個高頻題型——詞匯題是如何利用邏輯（上下文）幫助我們猜測單詞的意思的Paragraph 5: There is little doubt, however, that desertification in most areas results primarily from human activities rather than natural processes. The semiarid lands bordering the deserts exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures. Expanding populations are subjecting the land to increasing pressures to provide them with food and fuel. In wet periods, the land may be able to respond to these stresses.During the dry periods that are common phenomena along the desert margins, though, the pressure on the land is often far in excess of its diminished capacity, and desertification results.The word delicate in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A.Fragile

　　B.Predictable

　　C.Complex

　　D.Valuable

　　上面這個題（TPO 2 Desert Formation）考查了文中“delicate”這個單詞的意思，對不少處于備考初期同學來說是比較陌生的詞匯，不過我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)在原文中“exist in a delicate ecological balance”和“are limited in their potential”存在并列關(guān)系，這兩部分信息語意相關(guān)且方向一致，通過“l(fā)imited”（受限）這個負向的表達就不難看出正確選項為 A.fragile（脆弱的）。

　　再如 ETS 托福閱讀樣題《Opportunists and Competitors》中的一道詞匯題：

　　Paragraph 1: Growth, reproduction, and daily metabolism all require an organismto expend energy. The expenditure of energy is essentially a process of budgeting,just as finances are budgeted. If all of one's money is spent on clothes, theremay be none left to buy food or go to the movies. Similarly, a plant or animalcannot squander all its energy on growing a big body if none would be left over for reproduction, for this is the surest way to extinction. he word squander in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A.extend

　　B.transform

　　C.activate

　　D.waste

　　這道題考查“squander”一詞，相對于四個選項較為生僻，我們回到文中，觀察該詞周圍的信息，發(fā)現(xiàn)邏輯詞“similarly”（類似地），表達了類比的邏輯關(guān)系，說明“squander”這個單詞所在句和上一句話語意相關(guān)，找到和該詞的對應表達“spent”之后就不難判斷答案為 D.waste（浪費）了。

　　前面主要講到了邏輯關(guān)系在詞匯題中的使用，接下來以托福閱讀基本題型之一的句子簡化題為例再看一下邏輯的重要性，比如 TPO 1《 Timberline Vegetation on Mountains》：

　　The Wind velocity also increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees, as is made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes.

　　A.Because of their deformed shapes at high altitudes, trees are not likely to be seriously harmed by the strong winds typical of those altitudes.

　　B.As altitude increases, the velocity of winds increase, leading to a serious decrease in the number of trees found at high altitudes

　　C.The deformed shapes of trees at high altitudes show that wind velocity, which increase with altitude, can cause serious hardship for trees.

　　D.Increased wind velocity at high altitudes deforms the shapes of trees, and this may cause serious stress for trees.

　　選項 D 錯誤之處就在于因果邏輯關(guān)系顛倒，很多同學會誤選它，但是如果我們精讀原句的時候關(guān)注到“as is made evident by”（=as is shown by）表示“由……表明”，是因果邏輯的體現(xiàn)（前因后果），就較容易排除 D 選項了，而 C 選項才是正確傳達原句主要信息并且邏輯

　　正確的選項。

　　再比如 TPO 21 《The Origins of Agriculture》中的句子簡化題：The temperature increased dramatically in a short period of time (years rather than centuries), allowing for a growth of the hunting-gathering population due to the abundance of resources.

　　A.The resources needed by the growing hunting and gathering population increased rapidly once temperatures rose.

　　B.Dramatic temperature increases and the simultaneous growth of the hunting andgathering population led to the need for more resources.

　　C.Higher temperatures led to the existence of increased resources, thus enabling the hunting and gathering population to grow.

　　D.The dramatic temperature increase occurred during the few years when abundant resources allowed the hunting and gathering population to grow.

　　這題易錯選項 D 也是邏輯上的錯誤，原句通過“allow for”和“due to”傳達了雙重因果邏輯關(guān)系，即溫度上升使得資源豐富所以人口增加，而 D 選項雖然原句主要信息都包含但是因為缺失了溫度上升和資源豐富之間的因果邏輯關(guān)系所以不如 C 選項和原句更為貼合。

　　通過以上幾題我們主要利用文中出現(xiàn)的句中、句間重要的邏輯關(guān)系來幫助解決句子簡化題和詞匯題，其實在諸多題型中都有邏輯關(guān)系這個考點，其他較為典型的題目如句子插入題、修辭目的題等。另外對于邏輯關(guān)系的準確識別也可以幫助我們梳理各個信息點之間的聯(lián)系，對于微觀層次的句子（句內(nèi)邏輯關(guān)系）、到宏觀層次的段落（句間邏輯關(guān)系）及篇章（段落與段落之間的邏輯關(guān)系），在這個過程中不僅我們的邏輯思維能力會得到很大的提升和改善，并且大家一定會對各個題型及考點有更為清楚的認知，對于總結(jié)的解題方法和技巧也不再只是生搬硬套而是做到融會貫通，當我們把閱讀能力和解題方法能夠融合起來時，那么無論是閱讀能力還是考試分數(shù)都會有長足的進步，高能且高分。

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