托福閱讀共有十種題型，其中某些題型屬于出現(xiàn)頻率較高的如細節(jié)題、句子簡化題和句子插入題等，這些題型需要花費較多的時間去準備，除了需要知道考試的技巧之外還要能夠掌握一些考場上的應急方法。

　　今天我就來分析這些題型中的其中一種——作者目的題的?？夹问?/span>。

　　作者目的題，也叫做修辭目的題，但其實在 TPO 中它的范圍更廣，除了舉例說明概述題外，還有類似段落關(guān)系方面的題。既然是作者目的題，此題型首先考察的就是考生是否可以準確的進行換位思考，了解作者的意圖。

　　我們將作者目的進行了歸類，這就包括：提供信息（inform），定義（define），解釋（explain），例證（illustrate），比較（compare），對比（contrast），批評 (criticize) 等。下文中我將對此題型的常見出題方法進行解析：

　　作者目的題常見的出題形式如下：

　　? Why does the author mention/include/use…?

　　? The author…in order to…

　　? The author uses the example to…?

　　? …for…purpose?

　　這種題目一般問的是作者舉某個例子，說某句話的目的是什么且在考試時一般題目中的例子會標黑以方便考生尋找（也有不標注的情況）。一般來講，托福閱讀的文章框架相對清晰，作者在舉例子時一定是為了說明自己的觀點。

　　所以，對于考生來說需要先找到例子的所在句，然后往前閱讀找到例子支撐的觀點句即可。如：

　　The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal. Famous explorers of the North American frontier, Lewis and Clark arrived at the mouth of the Columbia River on November 14,1805， in nearly starved circumstances. They had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first elk. To keep 40 people alive that winter, they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20deer.

　　The author tells the story of the explorers Lewis and Clark in paragraph 3 in order to illustrate which of the following points?

　　A.The number of deer within the Puget Sound region has varied over time.

　　B.Most of the explorers who came to the Puget Sound area were primarily interested in hunting game.

　　C.There was more game for hunting in the East of the United States than in the West.

　　D.Individual explorers were not as successful at locating games as were the trading companies.

　　解析：根據(jù)較容易定位的人名到段落第三句“Famous explorers of the North American frontier, Lewis and Clark had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first elk.”

　　意思是：北美邊境有名的探險者，Lewis 和 Clark 在落基山西邊很難找到捕獵動物并且直到十二月二號才捕到第一只鹿。

　　這是一個例子，所以我們就往前閱讀看段落首句——段首句往往是段落中的重中之重。“The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country.”意思是：鹿的數(shù)量自從歐洲人進入 Puget Sound 地區(qū)后就發(fā)生了顯著的波動。所以明顯的這句話才是例子要支持的觀點，顯而易見我們可以得出選項 A 是正確答案。

　　第二種類型依然是找作者觀點，但是答案卻不像上文那樣而是向后尋找，比如這篇文章：

　　Much of the world's great architecture has been constructed of stone because of its beauty, permanence, and availability. In the past, whole cities grew from the arduous task of cutting and piling stone upon. Some of the world's finest stone architecture can be seen in the ruins of the ancient Inca city of Machu Picchu high in the eastern Andes Mountains of Peru.

　　The doorways and windows are made possible by placing over the open spaces thick stone beams that support the weight from above. A structural invention had to be made before the physical limitations of stone could be overcome and new architectural forms could be created. That invention was the arch, a curved structure originally made of separate stone or brick segments. The arch was used by the early cultures of the Mediterranean area chiefly for underground drains, but it was the Romans who first developed and used the arch extensively in aboveground structures.

　　Roman builders perfected the semicircular arch made of separate blocks of stone. As a method of spanning space, the arch can support greater weight than a horizontal beam. It works in compression to divert the weight above it out to the sides, where the weight is borne by the vertical elements on either side of the arch. The arch is among the many important  structural breakthroughs that have characterized architecture throughout the centuries.

　　Why does the author include a description of how the "doorways and windows" of Machu Picchu were constructed?

　　A.To indicate that the combined skeletons and skins of the stone buildings of Machu Picchu were similar to igloos and adobe structures.

　　B.To indicate the different kinds of stones that had to be cut to build Machu Picchu.

　　C.To provide an illustration of the kind of construction that was required before arches were invented.

　　D.To explain how ancient builders reduced the amount of time necessary to construct buildings from stone.

　　解析：我們可以利用題干中的“doorways and windows”of Machu Picchu 定位至段落第四行，按照之前的方法閱讀會發(fā)現(xiàn)前文并不難理解，講述了最早的建筑都是由石頭構(gòu)成還有石頭蓋房的好處，并且在秘魯?shù)陌驳谒股矫}上有最好的石頭建成建筑的遺跡。但是，悲傷的事發(fā)生了，在選項中并沒有一個合適的。所以，在 ETS 出題的過程中有些作者目的題的答案是在例子的后面。于是就可以往后閱讀，會發(fā)現(xiàn)文章中有這樣的描寫：

　　“A structural invention had to be made before the physical limitations of stone could be overcome and new architectural forms could be created. That invention was the arch,...” 也就是“（設計師們）必須在克服石頭的物理限制以及新建筑形式發(fā)展之前發(fā)明出建筑結(jié)構(gòu)，這就是拱形結(jié)構(gòu)，……”那么，結(jié)合上下文之后作者為什么要提“馬丘比丘的門和窗”呢？選擇答案易如反掌是 C。

　　常規(guī)類型的第三種是觀點和例子結(jié)合成了一句話，如：

　　The astrolabe had long been the primary instrument for navigation, having been introduced in the eleventh century. It operated by measuring the height of the Sun and the fixed stars: by calculating the angles created by these points, it determined the degree of latitude at which one stood (The problem of determining longitude, though, was not solved until the eighteenth century.) By the early thirteenth century, Western Europeans had also developed and put into use the magnetic compass, which helped when clouds obliterated both the Sun and the stars. Also beginning in the thirteenth century, there were new maps refined by precise calculations and the reports of sailors that made it possible to trace one's path with reasonable accuracy.

　　Certain institutional and practical norms had become established as well. A maritime code known as the Consulate of the Sea, which originated in the western Mediterranean region in the fourteenth century, won acceptance by a majority of sea goers as the normative code for maritime conduct; it defined such matters as the authority of a ship's officers, protocols of command, pay structures, the rights of sailors, and the rules of engagement when ships met one another on the sea-lanes. Thus by about 1400, the key elements were in place to enable Europe to begin its seaward adventure.

　　Why does the author include the information that Western Europeans haddeveloped and put into use the magnetic compass?

　　A.To provide an example of an instrument that was developed after caravels had begun traveling across oceans.

　　B.To provide an example of an improvement that resulted directly from the  invention of the astrolabe.

　　C.To identify one of the technological advances that made sea trade with the East possible.

　　D.To explain how the problem of determining longitude was solved.

　　解析：根據(jù)問題中的關(guān)鍵詞 magnetic compass 可以定位到文章的第五行，但是由于句中的also，可知磁針羅盤和星盤是并列關(guān)系，即兩者都是重要的航海定位工具，所以 C 選項是正確答案。此題即例子和觀點合成一句話。

 南昌新航道學校 www.023322.com專業(yè)從事于南昌雅思,南昌雅思培訓,南昌托福培訓,南昌托福, 歡迎來電咨詢!